Estratégias de internacionalização das micro e pequenas empresas do sector de moda praia de Salvador

Este estudo tem por objectivo conhecer as estratégias de internacionalização das micro e pequenas empresas do sector de moda praia de Salvador, procurando compreender e desenvolver as condições para promover uma cultura de internacionalização. O estudo caracteriza-se por uma abordagem mista, conciliando uma análise qualitativa, com uma quantitativa, sendo o inquérito, o método utilizado para a recolha de dados. Pretende-se obter informações sobre as características destas empresas com intuito de analisa-las e identificar a etapa em que se encontram relativamente ao processo de internacionalização. Como resultado verificou-se que estas empresas ainda estão num processo muito inicial de internacionalização, a exportação configura-se apenas como uma actividade acessória, aquém de uma estratégia consolidada de internacionalização. Estas empresas acabam por não dispor de uma estrutura e dimensão que permita encetar esses esforços sem o apoio de conjunto de políticas de incentivo e suporte à internacionalização. ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is to identify the intemationalization strategies of Salvador's micro and small enterprises of Beachwear, seeking to comprehend and develop the conditions to promote a culture of internationalization. The study is characterized by a mixed approach, combining a qualitative analysis with a quantitative, being the inquiry, the method used to collect the data The aim is to obtain information's about the characteristics of this enterprises, with the goal to analyse them and identify in which stage of the internationalization process their situated in. As a result, it was verified that this enterprise are still in a very primary stage of internationalization, the exportation is viewed only has an accessory activity, lacking in a consolidated strategy of internationalization. This enterprises end up with having no structure and dimension to enable them to accomplish those efforts, without a set of internationalization incentive and support policies.

As sociedades de capital de risco em Portugal: Critérios adoptados no processo de tomada de decisão de investimento

Este estudo procura compreender a importância atribuída aos critérios utilizados pelas SCR portuguesas, na seleção e avaliação de projetos do tipo early-stage. Os dados utilizados foram recolhidos com recurso a questionário aplicado a 22 SCR portuguesas. Foram utilizadas técnicas de estatística descritiva, testes não paramétricos e análise de clusters. Concluiu-se que a personalidade e experiência do empreendedor e equipa de gestão são os critérios mais valorizados. As SCR com capital maioritariamente privado consideram mais importante o grupo de critérios relativo à personalidade do empreendedor e equipa de gestão do que as de capital maioritariamente público; e, as SCR que ainda não se internacionalizaram, consideram mais importantes o grupo de critérios relativos à personalidade do empreendedor e equipa de gestão e o grupo de critérios relativo aos aspetos financeiros, do que as SCR que se internacionalizaram. Na análise de clusters identificaram-se três grupos de SCR: Criadores de riqueza de forma sustentada; Monopolistas Impacientes; e, Ciumento. ABSTRACT: This study seeks to understand the relevance of the criteria used by the Portuguese VCs to select and assess early stage type projects. The data used for the study was collected through a questionnaire answered by 22 Portuguese VCs. We employed descriptive statistic techniques, non-parametric tests and cluster analysis. The conclusion of the study was that the personality and experience of an entrepreneur and of the management team are the most valued criteria. VCs with a majority of private share capital found the group of criteria related to the personality of the entrepreneur and of the management team to be more important than the companies with a majority of public share capital; additionally, the VCs that have not yet expanded internationally, consider the personality of the entrepreneur and management team and the group of criteria associated to financial aspects, to be more important than the VCs that have already expanded abroad. Throughout the study of the clusters we were able to identify three VCs groups: Creators of sustained wealth; Impatient Monopolists and Jealous.

A internacionalização de empresas portuguesas para Cabo Verde : investimento directo e as estratégias competitivas

A presente investigação procura estudar a internacionalização das empresas portuguesas para Cabo Verde, através de investimento direto, e as estratégias competitivas que elas adotaram. Na sequência da revisão da literatura, a fim de obter respostas para a pergunta de pesquisa, analisamos a internacionalização das empresas portuguesas, a sua evolução, o investimento português no estrangeiro, e a evolução dos fluxos do Investimento Direto Estrangeiro (IDE) em Cabo Verde, a partir de dados estatísticos recolhidos na literatura publicada. De seguida foram recolhidos dados primários, através da aplicação de dois questionários direcionados para o mercado cabo-verdiano (clientes) e empresas portuguesas que investiram em Cabo Verde. A amostra é constituída por 157 clientes, 77 do sexo feminino e 80 do sexo masculino, e a outra amostra é constituída por 10 empresas portuguesas que investiram em Cabo Verde através de Investimento Direto. Os resultados do presente estudo mostram que a estratégia de adaptação não contribuiu significativamente para melhorar a opinião do mercado cabo-verdiano sobre as marcas portuguesas e que, as empresas adaptaram naquele mercado principalmente as variáveis distribuição e preço. As empresas portuguesas podem seguir estratégias de padronização do produto e da promoção/comunicação, precisando apenas adaptar o preço aos diferentes fatores de custo e a distribuição à natureza insular do mercado. Concluímos que, de uma forma geral, a proximidade cultural, geográfica e histórica entre os dois países é responsável pela não necessidade da estratégia de adaptação por parte das empresas portuguesas quando internacionalizam para Cabo Verde. /ABSTRACT: The present investigation aims to study the internationalization of portuguese companies to Cape Verde, through direct investment, and their competitive strategies. Following the literature review, in order to answer the research question, the internationalization of Portuguese companies was analyzed, as was the Portuguese investment abroad, and the evolution of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows in Cape Verde, with statistical data collected from the literature. Primary data was collected through the use of two questionnaires directed to the Cape Verdean market (customers) and to the Portuguese companies that have invested in Cape Verde. The sample consists of 157 customers, 77 females and 80 males, and the other sample consists of 10 Portuguese companies that have invested in Cape Verde through Direct Investment. The results of this study show that the adaptation strategy did not help improve Cape Verdean market's opinion about the Portuguese brands, and those, companies adapted primarily the distribution and price variables. The Portuguese companies can follow standardization strategies of the product and the promotion I communication, just needing to adjust the price to the various cost factors and the distribution to the insular nature of the market. We conclude that, in general, the cultural, historic and geographical proximity and the close relationship between the two countries lessens the necessity of adaptation strategy by the Portuguese companies when they internationalize to Cape Verde.

Estado de necesidad: la Cruz Roja Española en Marruecos (1886-1927)

Este trabajo estudia la función central que los Estados-nación continuaron teniendo en la Cruz Roja durante el periodo de entreguerras. A finales del siglo XIX, España lideró la creación de instituciones humanitarias de estilo europeo en Marruecos. Sin embargo, su secular inestabilidad como Estado, agravada por el desastre colonial de 1898, terminó con el proyecto regeneracionista de una Cruz Roja marroquí. Cuando en 1912 se estableció el protectorado español, la Cruz Roja Española quedó marginada por la competencia francesa, la internacionalización de Tánger y el rechazo local. Éste último culminó en la llamada Guerra del Rif de 1921-1927, mezcla de revuelta anticolonial y guerra internacional, que expuso de forma cruda las prolongadas necesidades del Estado español y su Cruz Roja. This article studies the central role of nationstates in the Red Cross during the interwar period. In the late nineteenth century, Spain pioneered the creation of European-style humanitarian institutions in Morocco. However, its perennial instability as a state, aggravated by the colonial disaster of 1898, put an end to the regenerationist project of a Moroccan Red Cross. When the Spanish protectorate was established in 1912, the Spanish Red Cross was overshadowed by competition from its French counterpart, the internationalization of Tangiers and resistance from the local inhabitants. This culminated in the so-called Rif War of 1921- 1927, a mixture of anticolonial revolt and international war that vividly exposed the ingrained deficiencies of the Spanish State and its Red Cross.

Modelling and studies of the spectral response of some optoelectronic components

Solar radiation takes in today's world, an increasing importance. Different devices are used to carry out spectral and integrated measurements of solar radiation. Thus the sensors can be divided into the fallow types: Calorimetric, Thermomechanical, Thermoelectric and Photoelectric. The first three categories are based on components converting the radiation to temperature (or heat) and then into electrical quantity. On the other hand, the photoelectric sensors are based on semiconductor or optoelectronic elements that when irradiated change their impedance or generate a measurable electric signal. The response function of the sensor element depends not only on the intensity of the radiation but also on its wavelengths. The radiation sensors most widely used fit in the first categories, but thanks to the reduction in manufacturing costs and to the increased integration of electronic systems, the use of the photoelectric-type sensors became more interesting. In this work we present a study of the behavior of different optoelectronic sensor elements. It is intended to verify the static response of the elements to the incident radiation. We study the optoelectronic elements using mathematical models that best fit their response as a function of wavelength. As an input to the model, the solar radiation values are generated with a radiative transfer model. We present a modeling of the spectral response sensors of other types in order to compare the behavior of optoelectronic elements with other sensors currently in use.

Radiação Solar: Estudo e criação de plataforma de apoio a conceção de um sensor de radiação solar

Este trabalho introduz a teoria da instrumentação virtual descrevendo os principais componentes desta. É detalhada a implementação de um instrumento virtual e uma base de dados associada que permitem obter uma estimativa de variáveis ambientais para qualquer ponto do globo e qualquer altura do ano. Este instrumento - Environment simulator – permite fornecer dados ambientais necessários a simulação da radiação solar. Para explicar a implementação da plataforma de apoio introduzem-se noções relativas à radiação solar, à relação entre o planeta Terra e o sol. É considerada a radiação solar espectral bem como os principais componentes óticos atmosféricos que com ela interagem. Apresentam-se formulações e aproximações dos coeficientes de extinção e dispersão na atmosfera que levam ao cálculo da radiação solar espectral direta, difusa e global. Por fim, validam-se os resultados através da comparação com valores registados durante a campanha de observações ALEX2014.

Comparison of Photovoltaic panel’s standard and simplified models

Shockley diode equation is basic for single diode model equation, which is overly used for characterizing the photovoltaic cell output and behavior. In the standard equation, it includes series resistance (Rs) and shunt resistance (Rsh) with different types of parameters. Maximum simulation and modeling work done previously, related to single diode photovoltaic cell used this equation. However, there is another form of the standard equation which has not included Series Resistance (Rs) and Shunt Resistance (Rsh) yet, as the Shunt Resistance is much bigger than the load resistance and the load resistance is much bigger than the Series Resistance. For this phenomena, very small power loss occurs within a photovoltaic cell. This research focuses on the comparison of two forms of basic Shockley diode equation. This analysis describes a deep understanding of the photovoltaic cell, as well as gives understanding about Series Resistance (Rs) and Shunt Resistance (Rsh) behavior in the Photovoltaic cell. For making estimation of a real time photovoltaic system, faster calculation is needed. The equation without Series Resistance and Shunt Resistance is appropriate for the real time environment. Error function for both Series resistance (Rs) and Shunt resistances (Rsh) have been analyzed which shows that the total system is not affected by this two parameters' behavior.

Different Parameters Variation Analysis of a PV Cell

The paper states an introduction, description and implementation of a PV cell under the variation of parameters. Analysis and observation of a different parameters variation of a PV cell are discussed here. To obtain the model for the purpose of analyzing an equivalent circuit with the consisting parameters a photo current source, a series resistor, a shunt resistor and a diode is used. The fundamental equation of PV cell is used to study the model and to analyze and best fit observation data. The model can be used in measuring and understanding the behaviour of photovoltaic cells for certain changes in PV cell parameters. A numerical method is used to analyze the parameters sensitivity of the model to achieve the expected result and to understand the deviation of changes in different parameters situation at various conditions respectively. The ideal parameters are used to study the models behaviour. It is also compared the behaviour of current-voltage and power-voltage by comparing with produced maximum power point though it is a challenge to optimize the output with real time simulation. The whole working process is also discussed and an experimental work is also done to get the closure and insight about the produced model and to decide upon the validity of the discussed model.